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Julius II was one of the most remarkable and colourful men ever to sit on the papal throne. His vigour, determination, ambition, passion for action and notorious temper were more suited to the soldier he would probably have preferred to be, than to the ecclesiastical potentate he became under the patronage of his uncle, Pope Sixtus IV. A cardinal for 30 years, "eminence grise" to Innocent VIII, and a declared enemy of the Borgia pope, Alexander VI, long before his own election Julius was already an important figure in the political life of Renaissance Italy. After becoming pope in 1503, he revived the temporal authority of the papacy by his military campaigns, some of which he conducted in person. He was also an outstanding patron of the arts and commissioned major works from Raphael, Michelangelo and Brammante, including the Vatican Stanze and the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Many of his actions, however, compromised the papacy's spiritual authority, attracting the satire of Erasmus (who portrayed Julius arriving with his army at the gates of heaven only to be turned away by St Peter) and contributing to Martin Luther's crisis of conscience. This biography is based on extensive use of archival sources. Shaw's account includes new material about Julius' career as a cardinal, which should give fresh perspectives on his policies as pope. The reports of those who negotiated with him, those who observed him and spied on him, ridiculed him and admired him, are used to depict the vivid, powerful and humorous personality of the "papa terribile" and the impact he made on his times. Cesare Borgia - NNDB Cesare Borgia duke of Valentinois and Romagna (1476 1507) was the son of Pope Alexander VI by Vanozza dei Cattanei. He was born at Rome while his father was ... Julius II. Wikipedia Julius II. ursprnglich Giuliano della Rovere (* 5. Dezember 1443 in Albisola Superiore bei Savona ; 21. Februar 1513 in Rom) war vom 1. November 1503 bis zum 21. Pope Julius II - Wikipedia Pope Julius II (Italian: Papa Giulio II; Latin: Iulius II) (5 December 1443 21 February 1513) nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope" born Giuliano ... Mithra the Pagan Christ Mithraism and Christianity ... Mithra the Light of the World is an ancient sun god identified with Sol Invictus who was born on December 25th. Mithra resembled Jesus Christ in many ways ... Paus Julius II - Wikipedia Paus Julius II geboren als Giuliano della Rovere (Albisola Superiore (bij Savona) 5 december 1443 - Rome 21 februari 1513) was paus van de Katholieke Kerk van 1 ... Top 10 Worst Popes in History - Toptenz.net Born to a famous Roman jurist Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte was elected pope in 1550 as a compromise candidate and chose the title Julius III. Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia Pope Alexander VI; Bishop of Rome: Papacy began: 11 August 1492: Papacy ended: 18 August 1503: Predecessor: Innocent VIII: Successor: Pius III: Orders; Ordination ... A CHRONOLOGY OF THE COMMON ERA - thinkworks A comprehensive list of Events lineage and history of the Western World in the Common Era: Lists of Emperors Rulers Statesmen Religious Leaders and Scientific ... Julius Caesar's Triumph in Gaul HistoryNet Caesar completely misread the situation in Gaul in 52 BC leading to a military crisis. He overcame this failure through his own talent as a commander the skill of ... Michelangelo Pope Julius II and the Sistine Chapel [] will always be complaining that their invoices havent been paid yet. This was the same argument Michelangelo had with the Pope. Its probably why the ...
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